Object-Oriented Programming Languages

Many modern programming languages depend largely or exclusively on the concept of objects: a close ..... binding of data to the operations that can be performed upon that data.

In these Object-Oriented languages - C++, C#, Java, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.NET, Perl, and many others programmers create classes, each of which defines the behavior and structure of a number of similar objects; then they write code that creates and ..... objects that are instances of those classes.

One reason why objects are a powerful programming technique - the reason most often ..... in the early literature on Object-Oriented Programming - is that programmatic objects map naturally to real world objects.

This mapping between objects in the real world and more ..... code objects encourages programmers to think in the problem domain, rather than in computer science terms.

This benefit has perhaps been overstated, however; unless you're building a simulator of a real-world process, such ..... 'real-world' objects form just the surface of your system.

The complexity of your design lies underneath that surface, in code that reflects business rules, resource allocation, algorithms, and other computer science concerns; if you only use objects to reflect the real world, you ..... yourself with a lot of work.

Coupling refers to the ways in which and degrees to which one part of the system relies on the details of another part: the tighter the coupling, the more changes in one part of the system will ..... throughout the system, while with loose coupling, the interfaces between subsystems are well defined and restricted.

..... refers to the degree in which elements within a subsystem form a single, unified concept, with no excess elements: where it is strong, there is easier comprehension and thus more reliable code.

Some Object-Oriented languages are less rigid than others in how much they require you to design around objects, but OO languages certainly support these quality ..... if you take the time to pursue them.

It seems that every new OO language author ..... the need to distinguish their language by coming up with new terminology.